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g [1]


[1]鸟哥的Linux私房菜 基础学习篇(第二版) http://book.douban.com/subject/2208530/

Latex

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English

Abstract

Guidelines for adopting frontend architectures and patterns in microservices-based systems
Microservice-based systems enable the independent development, deployment, and scalability for separate system components of enterprise applications. A significant aspect during development is the microservice integration in frontends of web, mobile, and desktop applications. One challenge here is the selection of an adequate frontend architecture as well as suitable patterns that satisfy the application requirements. This paper analyses available strategies for organizing and implementing microservices frontends. These approaches are then evaluated based on a quality model and various prototypes of the same application implemented using the distinct approaches. The results of this analysis are generalized to a guideline that supports the selection of a suitable architecture.
Improving performance of automatic program repair using learned heuristics
Automatic program repair offers the promise of significant reduction in debugging time, but still faces challenges in making the process efficient, accurate, and generalizable enough for practical application. Recent efforts such as Prophet demonstrate that machine learning can be used to develop heuristics about which patches are likely to be correct, reducing overfitting problems and improving speed of repair. SearchRepair takes a different approach to accuracy, using blocks of human-written code as patches to better constrain repairs and avoid overfitting. This project combines Prophet’s learning techniques with SearchRepair’s larger block size to create a method that is both fast and accurate, leading to higher-quality repairs. We propose a novel first-pass filter to substantially reduce the number of candidate patches in SearchRepair and demonstrate 85% reduction in runtime over standard SearchRepair on the IntroClass dataset.
Repleo: a syntax-safe template engine - https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1289977

Templates are a very common solution to generate code. They are used for different tasks like rendering webpages, creating Java Beans and so on. Most template systems have no notion of the object language and just generate text. The drawback of this approach is the possibility to generate syntactical incorrect code. This can lead to all kinds of annoying errors.

In this paper we present an approach for a syntax safe template engine. Syntax safety guarantees that the generated code can be correctly parsed. To ensure this we use the object language grammar to evaluate the template.

Detecting overly strong preconditions in refactoring engines
Refactoring engines may have overly strong preconditions preventing developers from applying useful transformations. We find that 32% of the Eclipse and JRRT test suites are concerned with detecting overly strong preconditions. In general, developers manually write test cases, which is costly and error prone. Our previous technique detects overly strong preconditions using differential testing. However, it needs at least two refactoring engines. In this work, we propose a technique to detect overly strong preconditions in refactoring engines without needing reference implementations. We automatically generate programs and attempt to refactor them. For each rejected transformation, we attempt to apply it again after disabling the preconditions that lead the refactoring engine to reject the transformation. If it applies a behavior preserving transformation, we consider the disabled preconditions overly strong. We evaluate 10 refactorings of Eclipse and JRRT by generating 154,040 programs. We find 15 overly strong preconditions in Eclipse and 15 in JRRT. Our technique detects 11 bugs that our previous technique cannot detect while missing 5 bugs. We evaluate the technique by replacing the programs generated by JDOLLY with the input programs of Eclipse and JRRT test suites. Our technique detects 14 overly strong preconditions in Eclipse and 4 in JRRT.

Excerpt

This is a prepared text of the commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on 12 June, 2005.

subtitle.

Read Oliver Emberton's answer to What's an efficient way to overcome procrastination? on Quora

Note

This is a note. Equations within a note:

Tip

15% if the service is good.

Example
Thing1
Thing2
Thing3

Warning

Strong prose may provoke extreme mental exertion. Reader discretion is strongly advised.

摘要一

You can make up your own admonition too.

def some_function():
    interesting = False
    print 'This line is highlighted.'
    print 'This one is not...'
    print '...but this one is.'
The Lake Castrovalva area of Lechuguilla (cave) in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico
The cave is so beautiful and so important to science that access is strictly controlled in order to keep the cave in as pristine condition as possible.
As a cluster workload manager, Slurm has three key functions.
First, it allocates exclusive and/or non-exclusive access to resources (compute nodes) to users for some duration of time so they can perform work. Second, it provides a framework for starting, executing, and monitoring work (normally a parallel job) on the set of allocated nodes. Finally, it arbitrates contention for resources by managing a queue of pending work.
Some Ruby code.
Diverse perspectives brought together by a shared commitment to excellence, learning and growing Diverse perspectives brought together by a shared commitment to excellence, learning and growing Diverse perspectives brought together by a shared commitment to excellence, learning and growing
Diverse perspectives brought together by a shared commitment to excellence, learning and growing

Glossary

make sense
comprise
compose

Comprise means “include”, “contain” or “consist of”, as in The pie comprises eight slices

Be composed of means “to be or constitute a part of element of” or “to make up or form the basis of”(be made up of, in form of), as in Eight slices compose the pie. Besides, the use of be composed of more formal.

The key rule to remember is that the whole comprises the elements or parts, and the elements or parts compose the whole.

Examples:

Our wine team
comprises/includes/contains/consists of/is composed of/is constituted of/is made up of/is in form of
devoted wine lovers.
involve

Synonyms:

affect, associate, catch, commit, comprise, concern, suggest
connect, contain, cover, engage, hold, link, mean, prove, require

Antonyms:

abandon, cancel, cease, divide, exclude, releae, separate, stop
ignore, reject, free, remove, explain

Examples:

1. to be the business or affiar of
This is not something that involves/affects/concerns/touches you, so do not worry about it.
2. to have as part of a whole
A tragic play usually involves/carries/contains/embraces/entails/includes/takes in/ a number of plot devices, including the hero's fatal flaw.
3. to hold the attention of
Her blissful daydream so completely involved her that she never heard the knock on the door.
expense
cost
charge
。。。。
under
below
beneath
underneath
。。。
expense
cost
at the cost/expense of the … of your teammates
go over
..,
up to

next to; near; towards; as far as:

Go up to the counter and ask.

Capable of:

Are you up to lifting something that heavy

Until. -> Up to that point, I liked her.

go overinvolve

comprise comprise

Glossary

Excerpt Linux

Topic Title

Subsequent indented lines comprise the body of the topic, and are interpreted as body elements.

Tip

  1. You should do your job in such a fashion that others can build on top of it, so they will indeed say, “Yes, I’ve stood on so and so’s shoulders and I saw further.”
  2. When I first started, I got practically physically ill while giving a speech, and I was very, very nervous. I realized I either had to learn to give speeches smoothly or I would essentially partially cripple my whole career.
  3. Most great scientists are completely committed to their problem. Those who don’t become committed seldom produce outstanding, first-class work. [1]
  4. And you’re aware your dreams are, to a fair extent (在相当程度上), a reworking of the experiences of the day.
  5. 我太喜欢那个地方了。 I love that place a little bit too much (有点过分了).
  6. since pods may come and go as a result of failure or changes in the cardinality of the replication controller.
[1]http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/YouAndYourResearch.html

Countries

Danmark

Story from Zhihu. How Danmark help small business grow.

作者:张弓
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/21492655/answer/372011932
来源:知乎
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也许很多人和我来丹麦前一样,都相信西方发达国家的富裕源于一些教科书或论坛里提到的说法。比如九十年代我们说他们“掠夺”、“吸血”,两千年说他们“垄断”、“专利”,现在又有些说法认为他们纯粹是“人少”、“卖资源”——从这些理论的进化里倒也能看出我国人民增长的自信和幽默感。然而在丹麦生活了几年,再加上工作需要像研究标本一样研究公司,于是我发现,上述那些原因可能都只覆盖了现实的很小一点儿。所以这篇文章算是写给那些对丹麦经济为什么发达感到好奇,并且对未知事物不仅仅存在批判眼光的朋友。由于这个话题太大,我决定先找一个小处下笔,于是创业这个领域自然成了首选。我对在丹麦创业比较熟悉,并不是因为有这方面的倾向,而是因为跟着老板做过不少并购与合作的调查,但受到预算限制,这些调查的目标基本都是小公司。同时我负责产品上市,丹麦公司在寻找先期客户时也喜欢和临近的小公司合作,道理和用小白鼠试药差不多,虽然当面我从不这样讲。2015年,我为了上市前测试一个云通讯系统,接触了一家开在我们公司空置老厂房里的初创企业。创始人是个死宅工程师,体重可能顶我三个。他正经工作的经历不多,但沉迷航空模型,就是那种一米多长价值十几万带微型喷气航发的铁皮飞机。2012年欧盟出台了新规定,五年后道路建造中沥青相关工序不允许使用明火加热,据说急坏了不少施工企业。这位老兄却不知从哪里得到了这个消息,并且用自己最熟悉的微型喷气航发改造了一种涡轮,体积比一个电热水壶还小点,但可以喷出六千度(经提醒,这个数据应该是听错了,可能是六百度)的高温气体。他用这种涡轮制造了一个手推式的高温凝固机,因为成本低,推出后大受欢迎。公司2013年成立,2014年出产样品,2015年正式上市第一年订单就高达六千多万人民币。我去的时候,看过公司的宣传材料和路演PPT,都非常专业,但转了一圈下来发现他们并没有市场人员。数次接触过后,我感到对方创始人也没有任何制造PPT的基础才能,于是这些材料何来?结果答案很出乎我的意料,他们的产品纯粹自研,但战略居然是丹麦政府帮忙制定的,PPT则是通过我们公司采购找的第三方外包。由于这家外包和我们公司签有协议,所以最后基本没花几个钱就都搞定了。之后我和他又聊过几次这件事情,才发现丹麦政府内部存在一套非常实用的,帮助初创企业发展的流程。具体来讲,当你创业时,有一个Startvaekst部门会进行政策讲解,还会告诉你一些行业和市场的短期形势,让你想清楚是否要真正开始。这个部分一般负责的都是一线公务员,他们的政策知识很丰富,行业知识则一般有限。但他们会把你的企业登记在册,同时定期追踪,看看是否有必要进入下一步。一旦初创公司过了这一关,有了团队、产品和研发路线图,Vaekstguiden这个真正有市场知识的政府部门就会开始介入。一些政府雇用的专家会来到你的公司,用几个星期的时间帮你做产品定位和竞争力分析。当你的发展计划经过他们认可之后,国家的资助也会到位,第一笔创业基金为两百万人民币。最后,如果你的公司研发和项目管理都经历了时间的考验,那么政府最大的创业辅助机构将会出场:RBDC是一家政府机构,但更像一家专注于天使轮的投行,在里面工作的大佬基本都是有实战经验的投资和商界人士。被RBDC认可的初创企业,除了能得到精英层面的分析支持和许多许多钱,更重要的是能得到最高五亿的固定资产调用额度。具体来说,政府会出面从当地高校或者大企业中协调借用你需要的仪器和设备,如果没有现成的,政府会出资购买并挂在当地大企业或高校名下。这样确保固件和采购能得到妥善的监管和保存,同时万一生意失败,大企业和高校这类实体也能更方便的为这些固定资产找到其他价值,最大程度降低损失。看到这些条件,我才明白丹麦作为超高税率的北欧国家,为何能一直被评为最适合创业的国家前三位。然而这些还不算完,在接触了更多初创企业后,我发现很多创业者其实没什么家底,房贷都没还,手里现金四五十万,就敢往投资密集型的制造业里闯了。我曾经问过其中一些人,你们难道不担心创业失败人生就此完蛋吗?然后我才得知,丹麦政府还有一个同样庞大的,负责初创企业退出的机构。这家机构的职能就是对创业者提出何时应该退出的忠告,以及降低破产对政府企业创业者三方的影响。机构的核心部分是由来自全丹麦二十五所律师事务所中负责商务诉讼的一百一十位专家律师,他们都和我之前提到的那位副市长一样,是兼职的志愿者。存在的目的就是在一家初创企业完全合规的情况下,尽量消除破产对创始人的经济影响。“我们的每一步战略政府都知道,出了问题,凭什么该让我们自己承担?”曾经有一位创业人士向我发问。我当时脑子不知怎么跳出一句话:“凭本事X的钱,为什么要还?”在此之后,我对老厂房里那十几家小企业就开始关心了起来。曾经以为他们都只是大公司身边的基础零部件供应商——这种配置在国内其实非常常见,但之后我才发现那里什么都有,做矿山通讯的,做牲畜乘重的,还有作大数据分析的,但任何一家都不像是有我们的生意有直接关联。这些小企业,可想而知,基本都是用很低的租金(大部分由政府补贴)在使用大集团的厂房、办公室和生产线。但事实上他们得到的实惠远不止如此,很多小公司其实和集团共用供应链,以集团的名义对外采购,并因此享受极低的成本。他们甚至还公开在大集团内招聘专业人才,集团HR似乎也完全不做阻止。而市中心的南丹麦大学里承载的初创企业就更多了。我曾经拜访过其中一家测试仪器生产商,发现他们不但受益于大学的渠道和硬件,还受益于大学中非常实惠且可靠的人力资源——学生。丹麦的学生直到18岁还被中国同龄人甩下一大截,但一到大学毕业,他们的能力就赶上甚至超过了中国同档次的毕业生,这是我在带了两个哥大PGP并和我母校毕业生水平对比后作出的结论。在丹麦,工科生都需要学习四十多小时的产品线管理和市场营销,以便让他们更加适应企业的运作模式,而丹麦本身就业较中国更难,大学生在本科就必须有实习经历,老师也一直会为学生读书期间能在企业做项目而奔走。这一切都对初创企业帮助很大,这些企业和大学的渊源,相比和大集团渊源也许更深,尤其在产品研发阶段,大部分初创企业都是在大学孵化的。在我看来,这些后来者的成功,和他们身边的大型实体息息相关。整个过程中,初创企业就像一颗种子,政府作为果农把她放进大学的土壤,待其发芽,再嫁接到周围大集团的树干上,直到最后能够独立生存。但为何地方实体,尤其是企业还都愿意帮助新公司成长呢?唯一的解释,除了政府宣传,可能就是大企业的责任心了——在丹麦,许多城市都是完全依托一家企业才发展起来的,这些企业从诞生之日起,似乎已经决定要承担更多社会责任。说道社会责任,事实上中国的大企业也很喜欢用这个词,而且也有很多城市也是完全依托一家大企业存在的,超过70%居民都在同一条产业链的不同部分制造效益。看起来这和丹麦差不多,但仔细分辨,两者依然有区别。中国大企业周围的小弟大部分都是上下游关系,比如一家拖拉机生产巨无霸,周围有无数结构钢生产商,橡胶商甚至电镀喷漆商。这些大集团通过技术或者渠道优势把产业链最有价值的部分拿走,剩下不赚钱甚至有政策风险的(比如喷漆,去年抓环保被关了个七七八八)则外包给本地公司。真正的大哥吃肉,小弟喝汤。而丹麦大企业的集聚效应则表现的颇有不同。比如马士基身边诞生了世界最大的海洋风能制造商维斯塔斯和海上救援制品公司维京集团,哥本哈根毛皮公司旁边诞生了B&O音响, Jensen’s银器等奢侈品企业。乍一看没什么逻辑,仔细分析,这些公司的产品都存在一些关联,或是共用供应链,或是面对相同市场,大家彼此协同但又都处于高附加值领域。最好的情况下,一个地区的产品能组成解决方案共通走向市场,比如我工作的地方,作为老牌工程制造企业,近期扶持了许多物联网和大数据相关的初创公司,高层说起这些用的最多的一个词就是“Integration”,集成。丹麦的大公司似乎不喜欢大哥吃肉小弟喝汤的概念,他们更喜欢大哥做主菜,小弟做甜点,然后大家吃一顿更高质量的晚餐。大公司把一个领域交给小公司耕耘,不是因为这个领域不赚钱或者有政策风险。他们更看重的是小公司灵活的流程,以及因此带来的,在某一个新兴领域集中突破的能力。在丹麦三年,揭开这个最幸福国度的面纱,我发现充满童趣的气氛之下和中国并无二致,都是靠一套高效的制度和一群精英管理层在支撑着。作为同时拥有世界上最好的福利和工作时间最短的居民的国度,丹麦的人均GDP依然排行世界前十——许多年了。并且,她的支柱产业并非资源或者金融。看看看丹麦的前十大企业吧,第六名相当于国家电网,第十名菜是丹麦银行,其他八家公司,来自八个完全不相关的领域,并且没有一家石油或互联网公司。仔细想想,其中意义令人咋舌。而我今天说起的“创业”,其实也是这高效制度与精英管理下的一环。事实上这个制度的意义远不止为丹麦拿下一些诸如“世界上最适合创业国家”之类虚名,它的的确确影响着丹麦的经济运行,在创业成功率和10~100人企业经济规模等数据中都有体现。就在这几年,有好几家丹麦初创公司实际上已经起飞了。其中欧登塞的某家企业和我曾经产生过一些交集,我亲眼看到他们如何做到了KUKA等一批行业大牛拿着欧盟PF9基金都没有做成的事情:成功定义了协作机器人这个分类市场,并有可能解决困扰整个欧洲中小企业的人工问题。从2011年出第一台样品到销售额破两亿美金,这家公司只用了六年时间。而创始人不过是欧登塞大学的一位副教授和他的两个学生。整个过程中,不涉及任何高新机密元器件,也没有什么政策影响市场,纯粹靠政府初期的扶持,创始人的产品定位,结合一点点科技上的小突破。整个成功——用一句我来到丹麦以后常说的话——非常的干净。而这个销售额看起来不大,但对一个五百万人的小国来说,每一家这样的企业出现,都代表着丹麦人民富裕的生活又可以多持续一段日子。要知道,制造业的成功来得更难,但也更持久。在我们国家,也许随便某个手游公司推出个爆款就是一两亿的月入,但过一年再看,也许你已经找不到它了。最近由于美国的大棒,我们国家似乎对制造业和高科技行业又有了扶持的意思,听说许多和创业以及中小企业相关的优惠政策即将落地。在大家目光还盯着监管的时候,我却在想,何时我们也能像丹麦政府一样多走一步,不仅仅制定规则划拨资源,还能提供专业咨询和帮助?而我们的大企业何时能不仅仅追求价值链最尖端的部分,真正做到先富带动后富?甚至我们这些普通人,有没有国家补贴掉在地上,我们无关就不捡的自律?有没有像那些律师一样,放下身段,直接用额外劳动服务社会的觉悟?作为世界上最富裕的国家之一,丹麦纵使和我们有千般不同,我依然不相信,他们的经验,就没有一点点值得我们借鉴。

story from zhihu. how Danmark help small business grow.

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